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The onion ( Allium cepa ), which is also known as the bulb onion , ^{[ 1 ]} common onion ^{[ 2 ]} is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium . ^{[ 3 ]} The genus Allium also contains a number of other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion ( A. fistulosum ), Egyptian onion ( A. × proliferum ), and Canada onion ( A. canadense ). ^{[ 2 ]} The name " wild onion " is applied to a number of Allium species. Onion is most frequently a biennial , although it can also be a triennial or a perennial .

The vast majority of cultivars of A. cepa belong to the "common onion group" ( A. cepa var. cepa ) and are usually referred to simply as "onions". The Aggregatum Group of cultivars ( A. cepa var. aggregatum ) includes both shallots and POTATO onions . ^{[ 4 ]}

Allium cepa is known exclusively in cultivation, ^{[ 5 ]} but related wild species occur in Central Asia. The most closely related species include Allium vavilovii (Popov & Vved.) and Allium asarense (R.M. Fritsch & Matin) from Iran . ^{[ 6 ]} However, Zohary and Hopf warn that "there are doubts whether the A. vavilovii collections tested represent genuine wild material or only feral derivatives of the crop." ^{[ 7 ]}