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 Lycopene is a natural pigment found in plants.It is found chiefly in the ripe fruit of the tomato of the solanaceae family.It is one of the most powerful antioxidants found in natural plants.It has been proved by science that singlet oxygen and oxygen free radicals in the body are the main culprits of attacking the body's own immune system.Lycopene is far more effective at scavenging free radicals than other carotenoids and vitamin E, quenching singlet oxygen at 100 times the rate of vitamin E.It can effectively prevent and cure all kinds of diseases caused by aging and weakened immunity.Therefore, it attracts the attention of experts from all over the world.

1. Molecular structure
In 1910, Willstaller and Escher first identified its molecular formula C40H56 and molecular weight 536.85 in their research on lycopene.In 1930, Karrer et al. proposed that lycopene is a non-cyclic planar polyunsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing 11 conjugated double bonds and 2 non-conjugated double bonds, which can be cycled to form beta-carotene.Naturally occurring lycopene is all trans, but it can be converted from trans to cis by cooking and frying at high temperatures, and partly trans in dried tomatoes or dried tomato residues.Studies have also shown that the cis-isomer of lycopene has different physical and chemical properties. Compared with the trans isomer, the cis-isomer of lycopene has low melting point, small molar extinction coefficient, strong polarity, less crystallization, easier to dissolve, and may revert to the all-trans state during placement.

2. Physical and chemical properties
2.1 stability
Because there are 11 conjugated double bonds and 2 unconjugated double bonds in lycopene molecule, the stability of lycopene is poor and cis-trans isomerization and oxidative degradation can occur under certain conditions.Lycopene is sensitive to oxidation, and the lycopene in the solution is almost completely lost after 12 hours of sunlight exposure.Fe3+ and Cu2+ in solution can catalyze the photooxidation reaction of lycopene, while other metal ions, such as K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+, have little effect on it. Therefore, iron and copper containers should be avoided in the extraction and application of natural lycopene.The pH value also has an impact on lycopene. When lycopene is dissolved in ethanol and mixed into a pH value of 1-14, the results show that lycopene is unstable to acid and relatively stable to base, so lycopene is not suitable for acidic drinks when used as a pigment.Therefore, it can be seen that the factors affecting the stability of lycopene, such as oxygen, light and metal ion pH, etc., should be extracted, stored, processed and analyzed under the condition of controlling environmental factors.
2.2 color rendering ability
Lycopene as a natural red pigment, how to maintain its strongest pigmentation is crucial.Lycopene exists in two states in tomato fruits: most of it is in the form of thin, needle-like crystals in colored bodies, which are bright red.When lycopene crystallizes, plastid membrane disappears and pigment crystals disperse freely in protoplasm. When observed under a microscope, small granular colored bodies can be seen, indicating the color of colored bodies.A small fraction (about 10%) forms complexes with proteins that are present in cells.Lycopene has different colors and intensities when present in different forms and takes on different colors depending on the solvent and medium.For example, lycopene dissolved in petroleum ether is yellow, and carbon disulfide is red.
2.3 solubility
Lycopene is a fat-soluble pigment, soluble in other lipids and non-polar solvents, insoluble in water, insoluble in strong polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol, soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethane, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents.The solubility of lycopene in various solvents increases with temperature, but the purer the sample, the more difficult it is to dissolve.Lycopene dissolves slowly and tends to form a subeaturated state. Although increasing the temperature speeds up the dissolution, it may crystallize as it cools.Pure lycopene, although insoluble in water, is highly soluble when it combines with certain substances, such as proteins, to form compounds.

Lycopene has antioxidant properties
Lycopene can quench singlet oxygen or capture peroxidation radicals by physical and chemical means.Singlet oxygen is a highly active oxygen free radical with cytotoxic effects. Cell membrane, mitochondria and other parts are most sensitive to it. It can interact with a variety of biological macromolecules in cells and cause damage to the cell membrane system by combining with molecules.Lycopene can accept different electronic excited state energy, absorb the light energy and through the singlet - singlet energy transfer process of singlet oxygen energy transferred to lycopene, generate ground state molecules and triplet lycopene molecules, triplet lycopene with solvent, a series of rotation and vibration response are renewable, and energy distribution in the process;The quenching ability of carotenoids is closely related to the number of conjugated double bonds contained in the molecule. There are 11 conjugated double bonds in the lycopene molecule, and one lycopene molecule can clear thousands of singlet oxygen, and the rate constant of quenching singlet oxygen is 2 times higher than that of beta-carotene.In 1990, Paolo et al. reported the quenching effect of more than 30 biological antioxidants such as carotenoids and tocophenol on singlet oxygen, and lycopene was the strongest quenching of singlet oxygen.
Lycopene can also eliminate oxidation free radicals through chemical reactions with other forms of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitrite and other oxidation free radicals, which can cause lipid peroxidation to form a variety of products, which are related to human aging, cancer occurrence, autoimmune diseases and anemia and other diseases.

Lycopene plays a regulatory role in cell growth and metabolism
In general, there are channels composed of membrane proteins between cell gaps, which have selective permeability, allowing the passage of second messengers and growth regulators, and the transmission of intracellular growth regulation signals between cells through GJIC, regulating the normal proliferation and differentiation of cells.Experiments have shown that lycopene inhibits tumor growth by inducing intercellular connections, enhancing GJIC between normal cells, controlling cell growth and inducing cell differentiation.When Japanese researchers studied the effect of lycopene on GJIC in rat liver tissue with fluorescent dye tracer technology, they found that feeding 5mg/kgBW lycopene every day for 5d could significantly enhance the function of GJIC.At the same time, since the GJIC function of most tumor cells is weak or absent, the GJIC function of cells is reduced or inhibited after transformation, and the inhibition or destruction of GJIC function is considered to be an important mechanism of carcinogenesis.
Lycopene can regulate cholesterol metabolism
Lycopene is A cholesterol-lowering agent that inhibits macrophage 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarate mononyl coa, A rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.It was found that when lycopene was added to the medium of macrophage culture, cholesterol synthesis was reduced, and lycopene also increased the activity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in macrophages.The trial also showed that 60mg of lycopene a day for three months reduced the concentration of cytoplasmic LDL cholesterol by 14 per cent.
4. Health benefits of lycopene
The above biological characteristics of lycopene determine that it has many health care functions, such as anti-oxidation, inhibition of mutations, reduction of nucleic acid damage, reduction of cardiovascular disease and prevention of cancer.
5. Prevention and inhibition of tumor
Lycopene has the function of preventing and inhibiting tumor on the one hand because of its antioxidant effect;On the other hand, lycopene can block the genetic mutation process of tissue cells under the effect of external mutagenesis, which is one of the important mechanisms of tumor formation.Lycopene was found to affect the S phase of the breast, lung and uterine cancer cell cycle.Lycopene affects cell growth by inhibiting the Gl to S transformation stage in cell cycle.Lycopene can effectively inhibit the production of carcinogens and tumors by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and the formation of heterocyclic amines in the brown reaction of grilled meat and fish.Studies have shown that lycopene has certain inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer and bladder cancer.