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The natural cleaning agent found in these berries is called saponin. Saponin works as a surfactant, breaking the surface tension of the water to penetrate the fibers of your clothing, lifting stains from the fabric, and leaving dirt suspended in the water that is rinsed away.
Regular sort bought detergents contain chemical surfactants too, this is just a natural source. Despite the "soap" in its name, soap nuts DO NOT contain soap that causes soap scum and buildup like a regular bar of soap does.