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DEGUMMING PROCESS:
The oil obtained by mechanical expelling or solvent extraction is termed “crude” oil, as it contains a number of impurities. Some of the impurities, such as seed fragments and meal fines, are oil insoluble and thus can be readily removed by filtration. Others, including free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, ketones, tocopherols, glycolipids, phytosterols, phospholipids,?proteins, pigments, and resins, are soluble or form stable colloidal suspensions in the oil.
Most of these have unfavorable effects on the flavor, odor, appearance, and shelf life of the oil, and therefore have to be removed from the vegetable oils by chemical or physical refining processes . The common oilseeds as soybean, cottonseed, sunflower and rapeseed are rich sources of phospholipids? .Phospholipids pose many problems for the storage and processing of the crude oil and are removed from oil during refining by a process known as DEGUMMING .
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?There are two types of phospholipids: hydratable (HPL) and nonhydratable (NHPL), and they are removed from oil by the degumming process. Most of the phospholipids in crude sunflower and rapeseed oils are hydratable and can be removed by water degumming . NHPL are not hydratable with water, can not swell and form gels or precipitate from oil. Removing of NHPL requires more complex process at increased temperature with the use of phosphoric acid, citric acid or other degumming substances.
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rapeseed oil is processed from the seeds of the Brassica napus, also known as rapeseed or rapaseed. The plant is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes cabbages, mustard, and turnips. It is often referred to as canola oil and is used for industrial purposes as well as in food preparations. As it has many uses and benefits, rapeseed oil has become one of the most popular oils on the market.
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Due to the high levels of erucic acid and bitterness, the oil was first produced for industrial purposes, such as a lubricant for steam engines. Since then, however, the rapeseed plant has been bred to reduce the amount of erucic acid and glucosinolates, so that it can be used in cooking and other food preparations. The original rapeseed oil could contain up to 50 percent erucic acid, but the food-grade approved oil contains only about two percent.
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The oil is available in cold-pressed and heat-processed varieties. Cold-pressed rapeseed oil is obtained simply by crushing the seeds and extracting the oil without any heat or other solvents and is said to be more flavorful and nutritious. Organic rapeseed oil is also available and is generally more expensive, especially if it is cold-pressed. The crushed rapeseed meal is high in protein even after the oil is extracted from it. Therefore, the meal is often sold as a by-product in animal feeds.
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Favored in cooking, the oil is widely used to prepare a variety of foods. It has a high smoke point, which means that it can be used in frying and other high-heat cooking without losing its Antioxidants and other vital nutrients. It is also a good substitute for olive oil and other oils in salad dressings and sauces.
There are many health benefits associated with rapeseed oil, which is partially due to the high amounts of monounsaturated fats, such as the omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. The fatty acids are heart healthy and can help to reduce cholesterol levels and prevent blood from clotting. They are also essential in boosting the immune system, helping to prevent cancer, and also preventing infectious diseases.