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Recovery from fatigue during acute and extended exercise is associated with reversal of metabolic and non-metabolic fatiguing factors. Known factors that participate in human muscle fatigue, such as lactate, ammonia, and hydrogen ion, provide an incomplete and unsatisfactory explanation of the fatigue/recovery process, and it is likely that additional unknown agents participate.
????alpha.-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC) is the ketoacid parent chain of L-leucine (i.e., it is L-leucine without the amino nitrogen), and is the first metabolite in the muscle catabolic pathway of leucine following reversible transamination to glutamate. The intermediary metabolism of .alpha.-KIC and leucine plays a major role in regulatory muscle biochemistry, integrity, and physiology